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.H I P H O P M AT T E R Snew prisons were built in America at a cost of several billion dollars.In 1994 Congress and President Bill Clinton passed the most expen-sive crime bill in the nation’s history, allocating billions of dollars to hire more police and build more prisons.Many called the prisonboom the era’s greatest public works program, a sad commentary onthe state of national aƒairs and just how influential and lucrative the politics of crime had become.The nation’s prison population reached yet another milestone onJune 30, 2002, when it topped two million.Malcolm Young, the di-rector of The Sentencing Project, a Washington, D.C.–based criminal justice policy organization, called the push past two million “the legacy of an infrastructure of punishment which has been embeddedin the criminal justice system over the past 30 years.” That same organization reported that one of every one hundred forty Americanswas in jail or prison by June 2003.Just as alarming as the number of persons filling America’s prisons and jails was who were filling them: black and Latino men.Blacks and Latinos combined made up roughly 25 percent of thegeneral population, but they represented more than 60 percent of the prison population.The Bureau of Justice Statistics reported thatmore than 12 percent of all black men ages twenty-five to twenty-nine were in prison at the end of 2002.Comparatively, 2 percent of Latino men and 1 percent of white men in the same age range were in prison.At every stage in the criminal justice system—arrests, convic-tions, and sentencing—blacks were subjected to disproportionaterepresentation and considerably harsher treatment.By the time the prison boom had run its more than twenty year course, the U.S.2003rate of 715 inmates per 100,000 residents was the highest the world had ever seen; it established the U.S.as the global leader in per capita incarceration.If the U.S.was the world’s prison nation, then California was its undisputed capital.The California Department of Corrections reported that the state’s jail and prison population grew from 54,300 in 1980 to 248,516 in 2000.That was an average annual growth rate of170
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