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.and Comanche.To move goods acrossAmericans straying into Spanish this unfriendly land, men rode horses 76 Santa Fe Trail*'and used wagons pulled by mules, ward across the Kansas prairies to thehorses, or oxen.Great Bend of the Arkansas River, andup this river into present-day Colo-The Trail s Route The Santa Fe Trailrado.It wound south through thestarted in western Missouri, at themountains to Ratan Pass, then southcity of Independence, which was es-across New Mexico to Santa Fe.Alongtablished in 1827.It then went west-the way, traders had to learn whereto cross the many rivers they encoun-tered, many of them with steep banksand patches of quicksand.U.S.ACQUISITION OF SANTA FEDuring the Mexican-American War(1846 1848), Colonel Stephen W.Kearny led U.S.troops down the trailand captured Santa Fe without anyresistance on August 18, 1846.Theyears of contact with American mer-chants, coupled with distance fromMexico City, opened the door for aneasy conquest of New Mexico.TheSanta Fe Trail continued to be usedafter the war, but as more Americansmoved into the area, Native Ameri-cans became increasingly hostile, andtrade required even more militaryprotection than before.The trail con-tinued as a trade route until 1880,when the Atchison, Topeka and SantaFe Railroad linked Santa Fe into thegrowing American railroad system.See also: Louisiana Purchase;Mexican-American War; Native Amer-icans; Oregon Trail.FURTHERREADINGBlashfield, Jean F.The Santa Fe Trail.Mankato, Minn.: Compass Point Books,During the early months of the Mexican- 2001.American War (1846 1848), U.S.ColonelDary, David.The Santa Fe Trail: Its History,Stephen W.Kearny captured the MexicanLegends, and Lore.New York: Penguinoutpost of Santa Fe, New Mexico.ReachingBooks, 2002.the trading center on August 18, 1846,Simmons, Marc.The Santa Fe Trail.Lawrence:Kearny met with no resistance from the localpeople.University Press of Kansas, 1986. Seminole War 77*'Mississippi, a result of the 1830 In-Scott, General Winfi elddian Removal Act, were largely un-See Mexican-American War (1846successful.Crop failure and a wild1848).game shortage influenced individualSeminoles to begin raiding Americanhomesteads, and in late 1835, theSeminole WarSecond Seminole War began.Conflict between the Seminole tribeSECOND SEMINOLE WARof Florida and the United States in theThe Second Seminole War (1835period from 1817 to 1858, by which1842) turned out to be the U.S.Ar-time the Native Americans had beenmy s longest conflict with Nativedefeated and most survivors movedAmericans, as well as one of the cost-from the territory.The U.S.successesliest.U.S.forces suffered 1,507 menin the Seminole War allowed the na-killed.The conflict started with thetion to settle the present-day state ofDade Massacre on December 28,Florida.1835, when Seminole warriors sur-The Native Americans of Floridaprised two companies of Americanwere composed of a series of alliedsoldiers and wiped them out, leavingtribes.The name Seminole is a cor-only three wounded survivors.ruption of the Spanish word cimar-Seminole raids led to a near aban-rones, which means wild ones ordonment of the Florida Territory by runaways. The tribe also includedmost whites, fearful for their lives. Black Seminole, descendants of fu-The guerrilla war waged by smallgitive slaves from the United Statesbands of Seminole utterly stymiedwho intermarried with Nativethe American army.Using theAmericans.swampy, wooded terrain of centralThe Seminole Wars were a seriesand southern Florida to their advan- Sof three conflicts between the Unitedtage, the Seminole, though losing sev-TStates and the Seminole.The Firsteral small engagements, managed toSeminole War took place in 1817elude the Americans.1818.After border raids into GeorgiaThe war continued to drag onand Alabama by the Seminole, Gen-until General Walker K.Armisteaderal Andrew Jackson launched an in-began summer attacks on the Semi-vasion of Spanish Florida to punishnole, a tactic not practiced by his pre-the Native Americans, seizing Span-decessors because of the hot, humidish forts in the process and creatingweather.By August 1842, most Semi-an international incident.nole had been captured and taken toAfter Spain ceded Florida to thejoin their tribal relatives west of theUnited States in 1819, American set-Mississippi River.The survivors weretlers were slow to move into Floridaallowed to settle in southern Florida.because of the Seminole.The NativeAmericans were angered by white THIRD SEMINOLE WARencroachment into their lands.U.S.A Third Seminole War took placeefforts to move the tribe west of the from 1855 to 1858, again a result of 78 Seminole War*'white encroachment on Seminole Southern states to send back escapedlands
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Tematy
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Richard Roeper Debunked! Conspiracy Theories, Urban Legends, and Evil Plots of the 21st Century (2008)
Patricia Richard Busy Hands, Images of the Family in the Northern Civil War Effort (2003)
Richard Bitner Confessions of a Subprime Lender, An Insider's Tale of Greed, Fraud, and Ignorance (2008)
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Heather Cox Richardson West from Appomattox, The Reconstruction of America after the Civil War (2007)
Richard S Weiss Recipes for Immortality Healing, Religion, and Community in South India
Peter Richardson American Prophet, The Life and Work of Carey McWilliams (2005)
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