[ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]
.F.Thureau-Dangin(Distances entre Etoiles Fixes) pointed out that while the first two methods were relative to otherphenomena, this third method provided absolute measurements.A "celestial bent," he and othersbelieve, was equivalent to 10,692 of our present-day meters (11,693 yards).The "distance in the skies"between the twenty-six stars was calculated in the text as adding up to 655,200 "beru drawn in the skies."The availability of three different methods of measuring distances between stars conveys the greatimportance attached to the matter.Yet, who among the men and women of Sumer needed suchknowledge - and who among them could devise the methods and accurately use them? The only possibleanswer is: The Nefilim had the knowledge and the need for such accurate measurements.Capable of space travel, arriving on Earth from another planet, roaming Earth's skies - they were theonly ones who could, and did, possess at the dawn of Mankind's civilization the astronomical knowledgethat required millennia to develop, the sophisticated methods and mathematics and concepts for anadvanced astronomy, and the need to teach human scribes to copy and record meticulously table upontable of distances in the heavens, order of stars and groups of stars, heliacal risings and settings, acomplex Sun-Moon-Earth calendar, and the rest of the remarkable knowledge of both Heaven and Earth.Against this background, can it still be assumed that the Mesopotamian astronomers, guided by theNefilim, were not aware of the planets beyond Saturn - that they did not know of Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto? Was their knowledge of Earth's own family, the solar system, less complete than that of distantstars, their order, and their distances?Astronomical information from ancient times contained in hundreds of detailed texts lists celestialbodies, neatly arranged by their celestial order or by the gods or the months or the lands or theconstellations with which they were associated.One such text, analyzed by Ernst F.Weidner (Handbuchder Babylonischen Astronomie), has come to be called "The Great Star List." It listed in five columnstens of celestial bodies as related to one another, to months, countries, and deities.Another text listedcorrectly the main stars in the zodiacal constellations.A text indexed as B.M.86378 arranged (in itsunbroken part) seventy-one celestial bodies by their location in the heavens; and so on and on and on.In efforts to make sense of this legion of texts, and in particular to identify correctly the planets of oursolar system, a succession of scholars came up with confusing results.As we now know, their effortswere doomed to failure because they incorrectly assumed that the Sumerians and their successors wereunaware that the solar system was heliocentric, that Earth was but another planet, and that there weremore planets beyond Saturn.Ignoring the possibility that some names in the star lists may have applied to Earth itself, and seeking toapply the great number of other names and epithets only to the five planets they believed were known tothe Sumerians, scholars reached conflicting conclusions.Some scholars even suggested that theconfusion was not theirs, but a Chaldean mix-up - for some unknown reason, they said, the Chaldeanshad switched around the names of the five "known" planets.The Sumerians referred to all celestial bodies (planets, stars, or constellations) as MUL ("who shine inthe heights").The Akkadian term kakkab was likewise applied by the Babylonians and Assyrians as ageneral term for any celestial body.This practice further frustrated the scholars seeking to unravel theancient astronomical texts.But some mul s that were termed LU.BAD clearly designated planets of oursolar system.Knowing that the Greek name for the planets was "wanderers," the scholars have read LU.BAD as"wandering sheep," deriving from LU ("those which are shepherded") and BAD ("high and afar").But now that we have shown that the Sumerians were fully aware of the true nature of the solar system, theother meanings of the term bad ("the olden," "the foundation," "the one where death is") assume directsignificance.These are appropriate epithets for the Sun, and it follows that by lubad the Sumerians meant not mere"wandering sheep" but "sheep" shepherded by the Sun - the planets of our Sun.The location and relation of the lubad to each other and to the Sun were described in manyMesopotamian astronomical texts.There were references to those planets that are "above" and those thatare "below," and Kugler correctly guessed that the reference point was Earth itself.But mostly the planets were spoken of in the framework of astronomical texts dealing with MUL.MUL -a term that kept the scholars guessing.In the absence of a better solution, most scholars have agreed thatthe term mulmul stood for the Pleiades, a cluster of stars in the zodiacal constellation of Taurus, and theone through which the axis of the spring equinox passed (as viewed from Babylon) circa 2200 B.C.Mesopotamian texts often indicated that the mulmul included seven LU.MASH (seven "wanderers thatare familiar"), and the scholars assumed that these were the brightest members of the Pleiades, whichcan be seen with the naked eye.The fact that, depending on classification, the group has either six ornine such bright stars, and not seven, posed a problem; but it was brushed aside for lack of any better ideas as to the meaning of mulmul.Franz Kugler (Sternkunde und Sterndienst in Babel), reluctantly accepted the Pleiades as the solution,but expressed his astonishment when he found it stated unambiguously in Mesopotamian texts thatmulmul included not only "wanderers" (planets) but also the Sun and the Moon - making it impossibleto retain the Pleiades idea.He also came upon texts that clearly stated that "mulmul ul-shu 12" ("mulmulis a band of twelve"), of which ten formed a distinct group.We suggest that the term mulmul referred to the solar system, using the repetitive (MUL.MUL) toindicate the group as a whole, as "the celestial body comprising all celestial bodies."Charles Virolleaud (L'Astrologie Chaldeenne), transliterated a Mesopotamian text (K.3558) thatdescribes the members of the mulmul or kakkabu/kakkabu group.The text's last line is explicit:Kakkabu/kakkabu.The number of its celestial bodies is twelve.The stations of its celestial bodies twelve.The completemonths of the Moon is twelve.The texts leave no doubt: The mulmul: - our solar system - was made up of twelve members
[ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]
Tematy
IndexEnglish Polish Phrasal guide, O.E. Swan
Get Started in Polish (J.Michalak Grey)
[Polish] Herrmann H. J. P. II zlapany sa slowo
[Polish] Webster R. Odczytywanie Aury
Chris D'Lacey [Last Dragon Ch Fire Star (epub)
Bracken Alexandra Mroczne umysły 01
Jo Clayton SQ 03 Shadowkill
Levy Marc Moi przyjaciele, moje kochanki
Brooke Hastings Pułapka
Andrzej Bednarz