[ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]
.He left a negro wench namedJenny to Mary Brant.Another form of servitude common in the colonies was the indenturedservant.Indentured servants were a form of quasi-slaves in the colonies.AnEnglishman could sign a contract to work for a number of years for a colonialfarmer in return for his transportation to America.Children were commonlyindentured to tradesmen by their parents, providing the tradesman cheaplabor and the parents a sum of money plus relieving them of the burden ofcaring for their children.The children would learn a trade in the process.In June 1768 William Murray was closing up his affairs in Carlisle inpreparation for his move to Illinois.He left all of his land deals in the handsof Michael Gratz.One of the personal items was Murray s instruction toGratz to provide for the little ones down the river, whom Murray wishedto be bound to a tradesman in town.The little ones were illegitimatechildren of an Indian woman whom Murray wished to have indentured toensure their well-being.George Croghan purchased two indentured servantsfor £40 sterling in October 1769 and charged the expense to the IndianDepartment.The Indians practiced another form of slavery on the frontier.As part ofthe process of maturity, young men formed war parties that attacked rival tribes;for example, the Shawnees sent war parties west to attack the Pawnees, andthe Iroquois sent war parties to attack the Cherokees.The war partieswould often return with Cherokee women and children captured in theraid who became members of the Iroquois families.The Indians alsocaptured white women and children in the same fashion.A brave mighthave a wife from his own tribe and another captured from a different tribe.The captive children would become part of an Indian family.However,the captives were considered property and could be sold.Some were sold tocolonial merchants and fur traders.William Maxwell purchased a Pawneeslave in 1768 in Detroit, perhaps to work with a baker that Maxwell was settingup.Maxwell was an established merchant there in the late 1760s.In Detroitin 1778 there were 127 slaves, 39 female indentured servants, and 172male indentured servants for a total of 338, along with 858 free adults and968 children.One fur trader from Pennsylvania had a Pawnee girl as hiscompanion.Although there were comparatively few slaves and indentured servants onthe frontier, they played a significant role in specific areas.In Detroit andIllinois the French farmers were completely dependent on slaves to cultivatethe fields.Although they were not treated as slaves, the captured Cherokee and 198 People of the American Frontier"Pawnee women with their children were an essential part of the Indianfamilies north of the Ohio River, bringing new bloodlines that eliminatedthe danger of intermarriage.Young black men and women were employed ashousehold servants by the wealthy while the older adult males worked thefields and provided unskilled labor to the new industries in Pennsylvaniaand New York.The unsettled frontier was not suitable for forced labor as escape waseasier than in the more developed areas, and thus slavery and indenture werenot widely practiced there.Indentured servants were more common onthe seaboard than on the frontier, but some were employed by the pioneerfarmers in clearing the land and cultivating the crops.And ransom was paidto the Indians for white captives in return for a period of indentured servicein Detroit. 11Ï%The ArmyOnly a few British regiments were sent to America prior to 1754, and theywere withdrawn after each war because each colony had been responsiblefor policing its own frontier.After the cessation of hostilities in 1760 duringthe Seven Years War, a sizable force of British regular troops remained tooccupy frontier forts.The colonists believed that they had no need for thisprotection before the war and even less after the war.The only need forgarrisons was in Canada and Florida.The army found itself with the impossi-ble task of trying to protect the colonial traders impossible because mostof the transactions were outside of the forts where the soldiers did well tosurvive themselves.The British army in the 1760s was organized in regiments that usuallyhad one battalion.However some regiments, for example, the 60th RoyalAmericans and the 42nd Black Watch, had two or more battalions.In 1766the authorized strength of a peacetime British battalion was 1 colonel, 1lieutenant colonel, 1 major, 7 captains, 9 lieutenants, 8 ensigns, 1 chaplain,1 adjutant, 1 quartermaster, 1 surgeon, 1 surgeon s mate, 18 sergeants,9 drummers, and 441 men for a total of 500.The British organization was designed for warfare in Europe and ill suitedto America.The weight of the equipment each soldier was supposed to carryon the march was 64 pounds, too much on rough forest trails.The Britishtroops were not trained to fight in the forest.Later, the British formed ranger 200 People of the American Frontier"companies and light infantry trained to fight the Indians, but the bulk ofthe regiments were still cumbersome and unsuited for Indian warfare.Duty in America apparently was not considered a hardship by the Britishtroops.In 1767 the 14th, 46th, and 28th Regiments and two battalions of the42nd Regiment were rotated back to Great Britain.From these five battalions450 men volunteered to remain in America and were transferred to the 21stand the 31st Regiments in Florida.In 1769, about half of the 9th and the34th Regiments, 266 men, volunteered to remain in America when theirregiments were sent back to Great Britain.The desire to remain in Americacan be explained by the slack discipline in the American garrisons
[ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]
Tematy
IndexMark A. Bucknam Responsibility of Command, How UN and NATO Commanders Influenced Airpower over Bosnia (2005)
Zbrodnia i miłoœć 01 Brandewyne Rebecca Zabójcza impreza 2005 10
Kent Nerburn Chief Joseph & the Flight of the Nez Perce (2005)
Cannabinoids as Therapeutics Raphael Mechoulam (2005) [ISBN 3 7643 7055 6]
Janusz Tazbir Polacy na Kremlu i inne historyje (2005)
Visual Studio 2005 Programowanie z Windows API w jezyku C
Michael Munn John Wayne. The Man Behind the Myth (2005)
Christopher David Petersen [T Prisoner in Time (epub)
00178 79a0dc00e98e592baef6c00da
Stuart Anne Czarny lód 02 Zimny jak lód