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.He implied that the United States would not bea guarantor of peace that could create long-lasting stability; rather, the UnitedStates was simply providing the people of Bosnia the chance to decide forpeace.America s intervention gave the warring ethnic groups the opportu-nity to create a civilized, modern order.The motive for American interven-tion was stability to be created for the short-term so that mechanisms couldbe put in place to create long-lasting stability.By creating the opportunity forstability the United States managed the chaotic scene of the Bosnian civil warand eliminated another battleground in America s larger fight against globalchaos.MODERN SAVAGE BATTLEGROUNDS: HAITI AND KOSOVOAside from Somalia and Bosnia, Clinton also involved the United States intwo other significant military enlists in Haiti and Kosovo.However, the ene-mies America faced in these conflicts, Clinton defined as fundamentally dif-ferent as those in Somalia and Bosnia.This section offers an account of thosedifferences.Situational Context: HaitiClinton inherited an unresolved situation in Haiti from the Bush administra-tion.In December 1990, Haiti conducted the first free and fair election in itshistory in which Jean-Bertrand Aristide, a young Catholic priest, became thefirst democratically elected president of Haiti.64 However, nine months lateron September 30, 1991, Haiti s military leaders overthrew Aristide and im-posed a dictatorship.President Bush immediately condemned the coup andissued an executive order declaring a trade embargo, but took a cautious po-sition with regards to intervention in the Caribbean nation.He negotiated withHaiti s military through the Organization of American States (OAS) in hopesthat the organization could put pressure on the military junta to leave the is-land and restore Aristide peacefully.65Over the next few months, Bush continued the policy of trade sanctions,but also received pressure from various interest groups and states to takegreater action because of the massive refugee exodus from the island.Fromthe beginning of the coup until April 1992, over 34,000 Haitians attemptedto leave the island and obtain political asylum within the United States.Un-fortunately some of these boat people lost their lives as they tried to make 08_421_04_Ch03.qxd 10/8/08 6:16 AM Page 7878 Chapter Threeit to American shores.In April 1992, Bush issued another executive orderauthorizing the U.S.Coast Guard to pick up Haitians who were caught at seaand repatriate them.Presidential candidate Bill Clinton criticized this policyas cruel and pledged during the campaign that he would change the Bushpolicy.When Clinton was elected president, however, he changed his tune.OnJanuary 14, 1993 just prior to his inauguration, Clinton rejected a host of op-tions regarding Haiti and announced he would continue Bush s policy ofrepatriation.The President-elect stressed three major goals for Haiti: 1)restoration of Haitian democracy; 2) saving of human lives; and 3) establish-ment of a new system to process political refugees more quickly.EssentiallyClinton continued Bush s policy and made it his own.He intensified negoti-ations to restore Haitian democracy, but like his predecessor continued to usethe OAS and United Nations to pressure the military junta.For the first few months of his administration, Clinton continued the poli-cies of his predecessor.Finally, in July 1993, Aristide and General Raoul Ce-dras, the Haitian military junta leader, reached an accord, what becameknown as the Governors Island Agreement, where the military promised tostep down from power by the end of October 1993 and allow Aristide to re-turn to power.The United States part in the agreement would be that it wouldhelp with a massive aid package to rebuild the country and the American mil-itary would train a Haitian civilian police force that would provide securityfor the country.That plan was put on hold when on October 11, 1993 the U.S.S.HarlanCounty, carrying American and Canadian military trainers, was not allowedto dock in Port-au-Prince
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Tematy
IndexPatricia Richard Busy Hands, Images of the Family in the Northern Civil War Effort (2003)
Philip Gordon, Jeremy Shapiro Allies At War, America, Europe and the Crisis Over Iraq (2004)
Fry Leslie, Waters Flowing Eastward The War Against the Kingship of Christ (1988)
Heather Cox Richardson West from Appomattox, The Reconstruction of America after the Civil War (2007)
Stanton A. Glantz, Edith D. Balbach Tobacco War, Inside the California Battles (2000)
Heather Lehr Wagner, Tim McNeese Spies in the Civil War (2009)
John Ringo Alldenata 06 Cally's War (with Cochraine, Julie)
George Shulman American Prophecy; Race and Redemption in American Political Culture (2008)
28 Koontz Dean Mroczne Âścieżki serca
Ciene 04 Zdradzona Amy Meredith