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.They were officially labeled contraband of war, and theinformation they provided was often referred to as contrabandinformation in official documents of the time.Although theywere no longer slaves, they were also not officially free.Lincoln sEmancipation Proclamation, which freed Southern slaves, didnot take effect until January 1, 1863.Tubman soon learned that Union forces needed help car-ing for these escaped slaves.She traveled south to Maryland,helping to clothe and feed those who had sought protectionwithin Union camps.When Union forces captured Port Royal in South Caro-lina, many plantation owners fled before the advancing army,abandoning their slaves.These slaves were often sick and un-dernourished, and they soon began to pour into the Unioncamps.An order was sent out requesting nurses and teachers tocare for these people.Tubman responded by traveling to SouthCarolina in March 1862.She worked as a nurse for both theformer slaves and for white soldiers injured in the region.Sheattempted to find work for those who had been slaves.Therewas a need for medicine, clothing, and supplies, but soon Tub-man became aware of another need: spies.Tubman quickly put together a unit of ex-slaves who knewthe region well.Some of these were men who had served as riv-erboat pilots and were quite familiar with the waterways thatmarked South Carolina s coast.Many of the river mouths andwaterways were patrolled by Union river craft, and Tubman sunit was charged with finding mines that had been placed there.They gathered additional information and eventually Tubman swork evolved into a kind of guerilla warfare.One of Tubman s most famous missions occurred on thenight of June 2, 1863, when she and Colonel James Montgomery African-American Spies 77led a force of 150 African-American soldiers up the Comba-hee River in three steam-powered gunboats.They successfullyavoided the mines that Tubman s men had spotted, and thenheaded on to the shore, destroying a Confederate supply depot,setting fire to homes and warehouses and rounding up some750 slaves.The Boston newspaper The Commonwealth of July18, 1863, described the successful mission and praised the ef-forts of Tubman, noting, many times she has penetrated theenemy s lines and discovered their situation and condition, andescaped without injury, but not without extreme hazard. 7Divided Loyaltieshe experience of Elizabeth Van Lew, a Union sympa-thizer living in Richmond, was not unique.Many fami-Tlies still loyal to the Union found themselves on thewrong side of the secession line when the Civil War broke out.Often they chose to keep their sympathies secret, quietly pass-ing on information or aid when possible.Others chose to servein the Union Army, leaving their families behind in Southernterritory.David Strother offers an interesting example of the latter.Strother was born in Martinsburg, Virginia, in 1816.His fatherhad been a lieutenant in the U.S.Army during the War of 1812and later served as a colonel in the Virginia militia.Strother,however, was unsuccessful in his efforts to win an appointmentto West Point Military Academy.Instead he attended college inPennsylvania for a year and then studied art, first in New Yorkand later in Paris, Florence, and Rome.He returned home andbecame a book illustrator before taking on an assignment forHarper s Weekly as a correspondent.78 Divided Loyalties 79Traveling through the North and South on various assign-ments, Strother began to appreciate the connections that knit-ted the country together and the importance of preserving theUnion.As war threatened in the 1850s, his growing belief wasthat the South could not survive independent of the North.Yet Strother was very critical of abolitionism, and whenwar came, he returned to Virginia, intending to remain neu-tral.But few could remain neutral in the heat of civil war, andStrother joined the Union Army in July 1861 as a civilian topog-rapher, creating maps that showed the physical features of theareas through which he traveled.In the early days of the war, Strother was often asked toreview intelligence provided by escaped slaves and local infor-mants.He quickly grew exasperated with the misinformationcirculating in Virginia, as expressed in his Civil War journals,later published in serial form in Harper s magazine from 1866 to1868 under the title Personal Recollections of the War
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