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.Sport methods used in UFC events base their strategies on taking an opponent to theground where he or she can be defeated by superior stamina and grappling skills.Thisstrategy is well suited for the arena where opponents fight one- on- one and unarmed.However, during mortal combat, to stay afoot is to stay alive because numerous opponentsmay be encountered, some of whom may be armed; therefore mobility is essential forone s survival.It is this environment that traditional karate kata are designed for and thereason why techniques which require spending a prolonged period on the ground are notfound within them, despite sumo wrestling s popularity in Okinawan culture.Most traditional kata teach a mobile form of fighting that uses locks, holds and submissionsto restrain an opponent long enough until a debilitating strike can find its target.The goalis to hurt an attacker severely so that the karate-ka can get safely out of harm s way insteadof fighting a prolonged ground-grappling engagement and attracting other assailants duringthe struggle.The strong emphasis placed on upright fighting in traditional kata imbues these formswith an anaerobic rhythm, rather then an aerobic one.Much of this rhythm s purposestems from traditional kata being designed for mortal combat where engagements tend tobe short, fast, and violent.Therefore, explosive power takes precedence over aerobicendurance.Hence the reason why many traditional kata rely on quick, explosive bursts ofenergy to execute several well placed techniques and their practice is of an anaerobic nature,instead of an aerobic one.Grappling technique fromKenwa Mabuni and GenwaNakasone s book Kobo KenpoKarate-do Nyumon 57www.iainabernethy.com The following diagram depicts the seven elements of kata practice:Although often misunderstood today, kata is a means by which the fighter can preserveknowledge, enhance skills and develop personal insight.Kata practice stimulates growthinstead of hindering it, but often this is the case when we view kata in a one dimensionalmanner.When practiced in a traditional venue, kata is one of the most beneficial forms oftraining available to the karate-ka.It is only when the traditional venues are discarded thatthe ritual s message is lost.58Comprehensive Karate - Michael J.Rosenbaum Chapter 9Okinawan Kobudo: From Swords to Boat Oarshe first effort of human technology was probably weapon making, wrote Sir RichardTBurton, in his timeless classic The Book of The Sword.History supports Burton sstatement and shows us that no nation, state or tribe has ever shunned the use of weapons.In fact, Charles Darwin argued in The Descent of Man that our species as a whole owes itexistence to the manufacture and use of weaponry.Darwin believed that it was our bipedalnature and enlarged brain that allowed us to make and use primitive weaponry, withwhich we came to rely on to hunt with instead of our canine teeth.As time passed webecame more accustomed to using weapons than teeth with which to kill, leading to thedevelopment of stone spears, bows and arrows, as well as the development of strong socialgroups who had developed tactics for hunting and killing game.(14)Our Paleolithic ancestors realized that it was safer to kill their game at a distance, than toengage them at arm s length a range at which the primitive hunters could be killed duringthe course of the hunt.Like humans, large game, such as wild boar, elk, bear and deer aredangerous creatures when encountered at close quarters.Hence, to kill a larger animal atclose range required explosive power during execution of attack, aggressiveness, immensephysical conditioning, and, above all, a resolute mindset to face the possibility of a gruesomedeath.These predatory traits would, in time, come to serve as the foundation for manylatter day fighting arts.Although much of mankind s martial prowess would evolve from hunting, it nonethelessproved to be an activity that would not fully develop his fighting skills.It was only whenmortal combat against fellow humans occurred that the sophistication of mankind s fightingskill increased.And as the nature of mortal combat became more sophisticated, the distanceat which an engagement was fought began to play a much more crucial role.Distance separated the warrior s weapons into two basic, but broad, categories: those ofthe missile class such, as rocks, arrows, javelins, (plus latter day firearms), and those of theshock class such as clubs, swords, spears, tonfa, and sai.The latter items were used wereused extensively in close quarters combat, provided the warrior could advance past missilerange, close to shock range and then maintain the courage to fight his enemy at armsdistance.Yet this practice grew increasingly scarce as the use of firearms proliferated on aworldwide scale, a change affecting not only traditional weapons training, but also itsethos and role within society.The evolutionary process associated with the use of weapons was transplanted to Okinawaby people migrating from neighboring lands.Excavations at Prehistoric Ryukyuan shellmounds have uncovered arrowheads, harpoon points, axes, hoes and hammers.Althoughthe recorded history of early Okinawan culture is sparse, it is known that by the 8th century59www.iainabernethy.com A.D., the island was filled with petty warlords who were constantly at war with one another
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